The e-banking

The e-banking 1.1 INTRODUCTION This Chapter is begins with a brief introductory of E-banking. The section 1.2 provides overview of the E-banking. Next, for the Section 1.3 problem statement which is fully elaborates. Following that, Section 1.4 states the research objectives. In section 1.5 which is definition of term. Lastly, Section 1.6 underlies the organization of chapters. 1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE E-BANKING E-banking is term which means the process by a customer who may perform banking transactions via automated delivery banking products and services through electronic delivery channels. The development of service delivery channels such as E-banking, have created a new type of economy it also increasing knowledge strength in areas of business, and new forms of business (IGI Global, 2009). The growing of internet and telecommunication system at a global level has enabled E-banking services in bank sector. E-banking services are becoming an important part for business environment for the bank industry. The development of E-banking changing the lifestyle of banks customers towards financial transaction process. E-banking services found that the available time which is extend for normal business hour. Based on the speech of Tan Sri Zeti Aktar Aziz, (2003) concluded the differentiating banking products and services provided the new banking environment increased of choices, control security a nd accessibility. Thus, the most efficient and effective manner will be the key to determined performance of the financial institutions ability to deliver products and services. Hence, the E-banking carry out the regular activities to individual and corporate customer its now becomes a virtual banking. (Chai Lee Goi, 2005). Even those E-banking services can consider as more electronic-based, but it still strongly supports banking activities, such as communication, transaction and distribution (Peterson, Balasubramanian and Bronnrnberg, 1997). The system includes for E-banking to enable financial institution customers, individuals or business, to access accounts, transact business, or obtain information on financial products and services through a public or private network, including the internet. (Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, n.d). The following figure 1 show the available of E-banking system. According to The Star online (2006) the electronic devices offered to access E-banking services using an electronic device, such as personal computer (PC), automated teller machine (ATM), telephone, or mobile phone. By using these electronic devices bank customers can access their banking accounts, such as internet banking, telephone banking and mobile banking. A banks customers can request information and carry out most retail banking services via computer, television or mobile phone which is the several types of E-banking services. Since 1st June 2000 Malaysia Bank has been offering E-banking when domestic banking institution were allowed to provide a full range of banking product and services over the internet. In January 2001-2002, locally incorporated foreign banks were allowed to set up communication website and transaction website. 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT This paper is to develop understanding of influencing factor of Electronic Banking services adoption among youth. The study of Lewis and Bingham (1991), who can be classified as youth and aged between 15 and 24 years, this group of age people who mostly using internet and mobile services. The youth are more likely adopt the new technologies. On the other hand, youth shows more interest at using the E-banking services. E-banking services is rapidly using by customer for the personal transaction purpose. More recently, young people under the age of 25 have been identified as the group showing the strongest preference for personal banking technologies and innovations (Bednar et al., 1995). This recent of year the usage of technology base service system such as internet are fully use by youth compare to older generation, but certain of them they are unnoticed to the easier of e-banking. So in this survey would like to improve the usage of e-banking with analyze the factor influencing the adoption of E-banking by younger customer. According the survey of SKMM (2008) the percentage share of the household user base across age groups is under 15 to 50 and above. The range of age group of youth around 15-19 and 20-24 resulted the percentage is higher than other age group. The age of 15-19 maintains around 17.9 percent to 18.7 percent in the 2005 to 2008. The other group of age 20-24 the usage of internet around 15.7 percent to 17.2 percent. A successful adoption of E-banking to public the most important is the service quality that delivers to customers. Hence, without a good quality of services will affect the profitability of financial institutions and the future development. According Jun and Cai (2001) most of the customers expectations through internet are still lagging, in order to increase customer loyalty are required to put a strong highlighting on their customer quality services, which are steadily growing competition in internet banking industry .Thus, Long term profitability is crucial for the loyalty of customer (Jun and Cai, 2001). According to the study of Kotler,P.R (1994) good service is referred to as service which creates satisfied customer, thus the remaining loyal and talking favorably about the bank and its online services. The most of the E-banking services need upgrade of the level of security, since the level of customer being attack is high by hackers. How the bank sector can across to the security factor if it is always problems occur? According to a survey by Siddharth Agarwal (2009), that main problem found customer have a fear of hacking of account and thus do not go for internet banking, and hence bank are trying their best by proving the best security options to the customer. 1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to let youth customer more understanding the key factors that influence their adoption towards E-banking services. There are three major objectives of this study, namely: To understand the adoption of youth consumer towards E-banking services The main purpose of the study is to obtain the view, adoption of youth consumer towards E-banking services as nowadays E-banking plays an important role in bank sector. It examines the views of youth towards e-banking and identifies the responses of youth to these E-banking services. To identify the factor which youth consumer consider important in adoption of E-banking services The objective of the study is also identifying the factor towards E-banking services through youth opinion. A greater awareness for the important factor that youth consumer as important of E-banking services might be achieved through the study and banks sector are improve the services to run professionally. To investigate what are the main factors influence the adoption towards E-banking services among youth and to enhance the services quality. The study also provides the different factor influence among youth adoption E-banking services. By analyze the factor influence youth towards E-banking services bank sector might know the needs of youth to increase the usage of E-banking services. In this study, will define the types of E-banking and determine the influencing factor of E-banking services adoption among youth. In this study for one of the factor will adopt the technology acceptance models (TAM) as one of its research instrument. 1.5 CONTRIBUTION The main advantage of E-banking to customer is convenient and time-saving. Customer may access to their account information and conduct specific transactions through E-banking from a remote location, such as home or available at anytime. This study reflects upon opportunities to understand the E-banking services to gain more knowledge about E-banking. Other than this, this study might expose the factor influence towards youth adoption among E-banking and increase the awareness of youth through E-banking services. Lastly, this study would provide growth in E-banking services and meet the needs of customers to reach long term profitability. 1.6 DEFINITION E-banking (electronic banking): An umbrella term for the process by which a customer may perform banking transactions electronically. Youth: is the period between childhood and adulthood, the age of 15 and 24 years. Internet banking: can also called online banking, is an outgrowth of PC banking. Internet banking allows customer uses internet as the delivery channel to conduct banking activity. Mobile banking: a financial transaction conducted by logging on to a banks website using a cell phone. Telephone banking: a service allows customers to perform transactions over the telephone. ATM: an automated teller machine computerized telecommunications device that provides the customer by inserting a plastic card with a chip to access financial transactions in a public space. Primary Data : Data gathered for the research form the actual site of occurrence of event or from the respondents. Secondary Data: Data collected from existing sources like, company annual reports and others. 1.7 ORGANIZATION OF CHAPTER This study wan elaborately organized into three chapters shall to address the overall objective of this research study. Chapter One begins with an introductory part which provides overview of E-banking, problem statement, and research objectives, definition. Following that, Chapter Two is to support the study by providing the reader with relevant literature review from various journals and articles. The E-banking in Malaysia and the types of E-banking will illustrate in chapter two also. In addition, the dependent varies of convenience, security, friends and relatives influences, perceived usefulness, and personalization. Lastly, Chapter three is the research and methodology. Theoretical Framework is explained in this chapter. 2.0 INTRODUCTION 2.1 E-BANKING Studies of Olga Lustsik, (2004) discuss the role of e-channels in the banking sector as Electronic banking (E-banking). Automated E-banking service offer a perfect opportunity for minimizing costs thus, the goal of any company is to maximize profits for its owners and banks are no exception. According to Newman and Cowling (1996) believes that profitability and survival in a business is the excellent service quality to customers. The study of Jane, (2004) E-banking marketplace resulted that the consumer adoption with the success of E-banking products and services. The study of Bob Batchelor (2009) the term of E-banking or Electronic banking that describes all transactions among companies, organization, and individual and their banking institutions. The financial institutions that develop the online banking such as bill payment, money transfer and mobile E-banking, trough this services E-banking allow customers using more services. The E-banking can offer an enhanced range of services at a low cost to customers, such as cash withdrawals and cash-back transaction, deposits, payment and transfer. Therefore, in the early of electronic banking initiatives were designed reduce cost of transaction to delivery value to the customer. The low cost of E-banking services is good news for the customers on low incomes who may affordable through transaction. The system provided by E-banking should be standardized because the customer may use familiar with the procedure followed. The banks have already started focusing on increasing the E-banking services to enable the customer to perform various functions on-line, hence E-banking can be succeed if the basic features can handled well. Most of the banks have established an internet as a new distribution channel. By using the internet for the financial services it may improve the potential of customer. Thus, the banks may extend their market. However, in this study suggest that financial institution management should choose the level of E-banking services provided to various customer needs. Increasing of E-banking prevalent in the study of Shih and Fang (2004) explained that E-banking adopted by many financial institutions, E-banking functional to reduce costs, customized, short processing time, speedy and improved the flexibility of the business transaction. E-banking services offer effectively for twenty-four hours a days, seven days a week allow the customer can do their daily banking activities. 2.1.1 TYPE OF E-BANKING E-banking is the newest delivery channel of banking services. E-banking has separate in the variety types of the following, Internet banking (or online banking), telephone banking, mobile phone banking, and ATM (Automated Teller Machine). (Olga Lustsik, 2004) E-banking has transformed traditional practices in banking and explosive growth. Internet Banking The new age banking system used the new term of internet banking, also called as online banking and it is an outgrowth of PC banking.( Divya Singhal and V.Padhmanabhan, 2008) The delivery channel of internet banking to conduct banking activity such as transferring funds, paying bills, viewing checking, savings account balances and certificated of deposits. (Haque et al, 2009)In the study of Diva Singhal and V.Padhmanabhan, (2008) conduct that there are many advantages of online banking. Internet banking is convenient, operation timings, no geographical barriers and services at low cost charge.(Gonzalez et al., 2008) Internet banking increasingly managed operation activity and an main component of a multi-channel strategy to play an important role in the new banking environment. (Black et al., 2002) Thus, financial institutions now regard the internet banking as equally important to other electronic banking transaction such as automated teller machines (ATM) and telephone banking. Automated Teller Machines (ATM) In the year 1980s, Automated Teller Machines (ATM) was the first E-banking product introduced. The ATM system serves customer with the simple transactions for example checking balance, withdrawing funds or depositing and transferring money. ( Rohaya Shaari and Nor Hayati, n.d.) The overall for the ATM, it easily found in various locations and its have the extended operating hours helps customers to overcome in time and the geographical constraints. ( Shanmugam et al., 2000) In the study of Leonard and Spencer (1991), found that a great majority of customers perceived banks with ATM as being successfully. Thus, the banking industry has tried gain the technology by ATM to take the advantage productivity and customer services for carry out the daily transaction. Telephone banking Telephone banking is a channel for the delivering banking services, the banking industry use it as an alternative traditional way of delivering services to customer through branch networks. (Rizal Ahmad and Francis Buttle, 2002) Ramsay and Smith (1999) examined the Australian channel usage for telephone banking is employed by bank customers because its accessibility as well as convenience factors. According to Rizal Ahmad and Francis Buttle, (2002) the benefit by using telephone banking are convenience and control, enable customers privately using the services such as at home. Mobile banking An analysis define the mobile banking is a form of banking transaction carried out via a mobile phone and its allows bank customers to check their account balances or perform credit card transaction as well as provide information. (Hanudin and Ricardo and Mohd Zulkifli, n.d.) Mobile banking the new banking transaction services created opportunities by the rapid technological advances in mobile-based technologies, additionally the commercial banks in Malaysia have tried to improve operations and reduce costs by introduced mobile banking system. (Amin et al. 2008) Earlier studies by Luarn and Lin (2005) showed the facilitating the transactions between banks and their customers in mobile banking usefulness. 2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF E-BANKING According to Bob Batchelor (2009), the first conceptualized of E-banking in the mid-1970, when the year of 1985 some banks have been offered E-banking to customers, unfortunately the lack of internet users and the higher cost of electronic banking have stunted growth of online banking. However, in the year 1990 internet explosion lead customer transaction trough online banking. Since 2000, there 80% of U.S. banks offered e-banking and the following the year of 2001, the first bank become the top 3 million online banking which is Bank of America, in 2009 a report by Gartner Group estimated that 47 percent of U.S. adults and 30 percent in U.K. bank online. The Bank Negara Malaysia on the 1st June 2001, formally allowed local commercial banks to offer Internet banking services and in the same year June 15, one of the largest bank in Malaysia, Maybank launched the first Internet banking services. 2.2.1 E-BANKING IN MALAYSIA There is variety of services of Electronic banking (e-banking) technology, from the common such as automatic teller machine (ATM) services, phone banking, and computer banking (PC banking). (Jane M.K. and Janne M.H. and Marianne A.H.,2004). Since 1980s, the first of the emerging electronic banking in Malaysia introducing by Automated Teller Machines (ATM) the following is the Tele-banking and PC-banking in the 1990s.(MD. Arafat and Chaklader and Mohammad, n.d.) Information provided by Bank Info,(2007) to offer internet banking services in Malaysia only for the banking institutions licensed under the Banking and Financial Institutions Act 1989 (BAFIA) and the Islamic Banking Act 1983. There are 12 commercial banking and Islamic banks out of a total 25 in Malaysia which currently offering internet banking services As a result, the financial institutions in Malaysia taking the initiatives to enhance the delivery channels via the rapidly growth in technologies. By the way, the important step before end-2004 of introducing the Bankcard to replace magnetic stripe ATM cards. Hence, the ATM machine is being upgraded to MEPS (MAS Electronic Payment System) Cash transactions. This is the good started program to promote to the public and improve the acceptance of E-banking services. More customers would like to select Internet banking and ATM transactions by gaining the acceptance of electronic transaction in Malaysia with now over one million. (Tan Sri Zeti Aktar Aziz, 2003; Chai Lee Goi, 2005) Studies of Chai Lee Goi (2005), Malaysian banks proper understanding and planning for appropriate develop E-banking strategies to achieve successful in the local and global marketplace. According the result of statistic survey of SKMM (2008) showed that household use of internet average time spent around 12 hours per week. The activity on the internet such as to conduct financial delivery channel for three years, in the year of 2005 14.6 percent followed by the 2006 increase to 23.6 percent. The highest percentage compare to previous two years 2008 rise to 31.8 percent. Determined of the three year show that the usage of online transaction increasingly each of the year. List of Banks offering Internet and Mobile Banking services provided by BNM about 24 banking industry enable for internet banking and 10 banking industry offering mobile banking. The popular banks industry by offering internet banking such as Affin Bank Berhad, AmBank (M) Berhad, Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Malaysia, CIMB Bank Berhad, Citibank Berhad, Hong Leong Bank Berhad, Maybank, HSBC Bank, Public Bank, RHB Islamic Bank, and OCBC Bank etc. The mobile banking available for: AmBank, Bank Islam Malaysia, CIMB Bank, Citibank, Hong Leong Bank, MayBank and Public Bank etc. 2.2.2 E-BANKING IN REGION According to Parker,(1990) , the adoption of E-banking such as internet is growing in New Zealand. Auckland Savings Bank (ASB) in 1996 was the first bank to offer internet banking services, followed by the ASB subsidiary, BankDirect which was also the first and the only virtual bank. In the late of year 1999 Natinal Bank of New Zealand (NBNZ) and Bank of New Zealand also offer internet banking, followed the last quarter of 2001 there were around 480,000 regular internet users utilizing internet banking facilities to conduct their banking transaction through E-banking.(Christopher Gan et al.,2005) As predicted of Christopher Gan et al. (2005) that the usage of internet banking in New Zealand will continue to grow in the near future and the factor influenced New Zealand customer adoption E-banking such as price, user input, service product characteristics and individual. The E-banking in the USA is one of a wide variety services used by a disparate number of consumer, around 91 percent of US households have a bank account. (Jane M.K. and Janne M.H. and Marianne A.H.,2004 ) In year of 2003, the number of ATM transaction at 902 million per month and the number of debit transaction at 495million per month (EFT Data Book, 2003). The factor determined by Jane M.K. and Janne M.H. and Marianne A.H.(2004) affect USA consumer adopt E-banking which is convenient, compatibility, simplicity, observability and trialability. The study of Philip Gerrard and J.Barton (2003), determined the retail banks in Singapore and their internet banking activities. Retail banks are classified into either local or foreign full license banks by monetary authority of Singapore (MAS), Singapores central bank. The license banks of Singapore are offering the broadest range of financial services delivery through the internet. In the year of 1997 that the first local banks in Singapore namely DBS and UOB offer internet banking services, followed the bigger foreign banks HSBC, Citibank and Standard Charted Bank also provide financial services delivery through interne. There are the several factor affect Singapore adoption towards E-banking such as convenience, accessibility, confidentiality, compatibility, PC proficiency, economic benefits, complex procedures and innovativeness. According to Ali Ahmad, (2006) show that the Pakistan has been among the late entrants into E-banking such as ATM was setup in 1999 and 2000 internet banking was introduced. Pakistani government has already to start working towards created awareness among people for E-banking services (Hanniya abid and Umara Noreen, n.d.). The Ministry of Science Technology has been taking number of measures to promote E-commerce and E-banking in Pakistan (Dr. Shamshad Akthar, 2006). The use of ATM and E-banking products is gaining currency and most of the banks have established, offered by ATM will enhance the customer more alternatives choices to financial transaction services. In the recent years that the E-banking services such as Automated Teller Machine (ATM), Tele Banking, Internet Banking, Credit and Debit Cards etc. have growth effective delivery system in Pakistan (Hanniya abid and Umara Noreen, n.d.). Based on the study of Hanniya abid and Umara Noreen, (n.d.) found the four factors affec t acceptance Pakistan customer towards E-banking follow by usefulness, intention/attitude, ease of use and external variables. Shih and Fang (2004) study that after Taiwan enter into the World Trade Organization (WTO), it also brings foreign banks into Taiwan marketplace. Therefore, banks in Taiwan are facing the competitive in service quality and administrative efficiency. To gain the strengthen of Taiwan banks industry, Taipei Banks has establishment of new communication networks via E-banking such as internet banking, telephone banking and other digital channels. Taiwanese commercial banks have been quick to realize the competitive facing, thus in May 1999 offer E-banking services, such as fund transfer and account summary inquires. An individuals intention to adopt internet banking in Taiwan is determined by three factors: attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control. In Youth Market The studies of Barry et al. (2002) show age also a significant factor to internet, the consumer which is aged 18-25 are highest preference for internet banking delivery channel. The younger consumers are more likely to adopt the delivery channels such as internet banking compare to telephone banking, because the lack of face to face contact are less important their think. Lewis and Binghamss (1991) research among aged 16-24 young people have an account at more than one bank. Thus, young people should consider are most inclined to switch financial providers (Meller, 1993). There are some banking industries tend to offer internet banking attract younger generation (Katri, n.d.). The study of Robert, (2007) youth based segmentation in the Malaysian retail banking sector concern with what values influence young consumers preference and adoption of personal e-banking product. Youth can be defining as aged between 15 24 years Lewis and Bungham, (1991) studies. In the paper examines of Robert, (2007) to examine young consumers likelihood by selection of e-banking services which have highest accessibility in Malaysia. The potential of youth in the financial services sector are seen as particularly attractive. According the study of Thomas et al., (2009) examines the youth market as a greater potential in the financial sector. The reason of the author to research youth market is because of the young people have substantial purchasing power thus, many banks are tend to seeking young customer and targeting internet banking into their market. Youth is the largest demographic group in many developed countries and is a highly lucrative segment (Josefowicz, 2003; Solomon, 2007). Thwaites and Vere, (1995) research that the basis for a relationship upon to success getting young customer at early age to introducing the services. 2.3 BENEFIT OF E-BANKING The E-banking service such as internet banking is perfectly beneficial to customers because of the savings in costs, transaction time, and space it offers. Its service conducts quick response to complaints and delivery speed of services. Overall, benefits make easier banking system to customer. (Turban et al. 2000) The appearance of internet has had an important role on the diffusion of electronic banking and it also offers new value to customers (Sara, 2007). As a result, the basic principle of banking services such as security was the potential benefits from electronic delivery channels by increase confidence of the banking public. Consumer may realize the convenience and flexibility of E-banking in meeting their daily payment needs while the use of cash and cheque to be important. The change in consumer behaviour is reflected in the increasing of electronic transaction system in our country. The finding of Marivic, (2009) believe that the bank offers e-banking services can recognize the benefits of e-banking as below: A positive effect on banks profitability to launch electronic banking To providing of banks distinction electronic business is a direct relation between increases of bank customer needs for banking services. The protecting privacy of bank customer and bank by management upon providing banking services through internet. 2.4 INFULENCING FACTOR OF E-BANKING ADOPTION Adoption The study of Rogers and Shoemaker (1971), define that consumers who before ready to adopt product or service go through a process of knowledge, persuasion, decision and confirmation. Adoption is the acceptance and continued use of a product or service. Factor Security Mathew and George (2003) the emerges from the present study is that the general population appears generally satisfied with the technological aspects of the banking industry and that banks in general are concentrating their efforts on security that customer feel are most important. The perception of respondents in the survey of Mathew and George showed the important feedback by the respondent on perception there are 93 percent of the most important dimension followed by security. The study of Volkan, (2009) define that bank sector now build up a new delivery channel for e-banking services such as internet banking. The internet banking service allow customers as well as mange their transaction application, by access to the application system a set of password is require from customer. Therefore, the necessary to take a note at the security on the eradicate fraud in electronic banking. The security program is needed provide by the bank to launch the internet banking services. The banks are responsible to assist the customer in protecting their account safety. Jun and Chai, (2001) identified the one of seventeen underlying dimension of e-banking service quality of customers expectation is security. These a critical factor for changing customer behavior is a feeling of security, and the Estonian bank have been successful in delivering user-friendly solution that is secure. According to Marivic, (2009) have determined the new system of internet banking services is require the ease of access and the security from the new generation. In additional research, appropriate security controls of e-banking products can particularly inclined business to benefit. Overall, internet banking it needs securities. Friends and Relatives Influences In an environment in which there has been a reduction in consumer trust of both organizations and advertising, thus word of mouth (WOM) offers a way to obtain a customer perceptions or action (Bansal and Voyer, 2000). WOM is a process of personal influence, in which interpersonal communications between a sender and a receiver can change the receivers behavior or attitudes (Merton, 1986). Therefore, Tan and Chua (1986) who carry out a study conducted in South East Asia found that third party influences, namely family and friends were the most important influences customer adoption bank selection. Gerrard and Barton (2001) determined the one of the factor in their study which is people influencer grouping, the people being Family, Friend. Barry et al. (2002) studies in the factor most important in encouraging and discouraging adoption of telephone and internet banking, the result showed for internet banking male respondents are more greater emphasis on recommendations from friends and family or from a newspaper. Perceived Usefulness Nima, (2008) define perceived usefulness refer to the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance .To test a theory of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, 1989) and examines the factor that influence the adoption and acceptance of the information technology and system of internet; in the banking sector particularly for internet banking (Sara, 2007). Selecting TAM was based primarily on predictive power which is makes the model easy to apply to a different information system device ( Venkatesh and Morris2000; Kleijnen et al, 2004) Thus, TAM provides understandings of the relationship of perceived usefulness(Hanudin Amin,2008 ) Study on the TAM for internet banking by Guriting and Ndubisi, (2006) and the Kleijin et al. (2004) focused on TAM for mobile banking via short message services (SMS). Davis (1989) defined perceived usefulness as theory to which a person believes that using a particular system enhances job p erformance. Overall, Cheong and Park (2005) found that perceived usefulness may influence the intention of online purchase or mobile internet activity. Therefore, Luarn and Lin (2005), who determined

Communication Technologies Essay

In this assignment I am going to describes different types of communication devices. For example Switches, Routers, etc. Then I am going to explain the principles of signal theory. After this I will look at difference methods of electronic communication and transmission used. Communication Devices Switches – These are mainly used for local area networks (LAN). The reason behind this is that they can be used to bridge a lot of computers together. They do look like hubs but they can vary in speed. They are more intelligent due to the fact that they can send out packets from a set port. There is advantage of using a network switch, they can be used with an Ethernet cable or a fibre optic cable and they still will work perfectly fine. When connecting a router or a server in an LAN or WAN network it is slightly easier because you would just need one cable which would mostly need to a fibre optic cable, so you can get the maximum rate of transfer speed. Routers – They are mainly used for connecting one network to another. They are meant for handling information and forwarding to another network connected to the router. You can either connect using wireless or a cable. Normally an Ethernet cable is used to connect the computer networks. Hubs – Also known as a concentrator or a multiport repeater. Used in a star or a hierarchical network setup to connect the station or the cable segments. There are two main types of hubs: passive & active. Active takes the incoming traffic, amplifies the signal and then forwards it all the ports. In a passive hub it simply divides the incoming traffic and forwards it. A hub can be used to manage and allow individual port configuration and traffic. Hubs operate on the physical layer of the OSI model and they are protocol transparent. This means that they do have the ability to set upper layer protocols such as IP, IPX or a MAC addresses. Hubs just extend them do not control the broadcast or collision domains. Bridges – Used to increase the performance of a network by dividing it into separate collision domains. Even though they are more intelligent than hubs due to the fact that they operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model, they still are not able to control the upper layer protocols. On a separate segment they store the MAC addressing table of all nodes. Basically it takes the incoming frames and checks the destined MAC address and lookups it up against the store MAC addressing table and decides what to do. If the frame is comes from the same port as the destined port than it simply discards the frame. If the destined location is not known than it will be flooded throughout the outgoing ports and segments. Repeaters -One of the less complex hardware of the networking world, because it basically runs at the physical layer of an OSI model, so it is not aware of the frame formats and upper layer protocols. Repeater basically is used to expand a LAN network over large distance regenerating a signal. When using a repeater remember the 5-4-3 rule which means that a maximum distance between two hosts on the same network is 5. Use only maximum of 4 repeaters in a network and only 3 segments can be populated. Gateways – Very intelligent devices, they work at the Transport Layer protocol. This is higher than the Upper Layer protocol. This means that can manage and control IP, IPX and MAC addressing. They allow IPX/SPX clients to IP/TCP uplink network to connect to the internet. A gateway in simple terms is like a post office. All the information is sent to it and then as a post office knows the number of houses in the area in the same way a gateway would know all the ports and direct it there. Cell Phones – It is a piece of device which is used by a lot of people. It is a portable version and more advanced version of a normal home phone. It lets you voice calling, text messaging, the some other advanced phones even allow video calling and internet browsing. Cell phone is a full duplex device therefore you can connect it to your computer and use it as a modem even though it would be very slow. The newer released phones are somewhere near capable of the proper modem speeds. DCE & DTE devices – Data Communication Equipment (DCE) is basically equipment which allows communication with a Data Terminal Equipment (DTE). In another words DTE ends the communication line and a DCE provides the path of communication. An example of an DCE is an modem and a computer is a DTE. Fax Machine – A device which allows you to send paper copies using PSTN lines to other people. It can also be used to send memos and other information as well. It uses the phone line to transmit the data that is sent. A fax machine has a sensor to read the data and the end of it. It will encode the black and white that it picks on the paper and moves it to the receiving end. It will compress the data before transmitting it. As soon as it receives the data it decodes and decompresses the data so it can arrange it in the way that it scanned it from the original document. There are a lot of things in a fax machine that allow it to do its function. It consists of a source projecting a light beam, a rotating cylinder and a photo electric cell. It also has paper feed like a printer. E-Mail – Email also which is the short form for electronic mail. You can use e-mail to stay in contact with your friend/family even colleagues. It does it by finding out the person you want to email he’s email address and then you will send him an email and click send and then that person will receive it. Signal Theory When talking about signal theory data is represented by digital format which is dependent on binary or base 2 principles. Analogue and digital frequencies are used for transmitting signals along a medium link. Analogue records the waveform as they are. Digital on the other hand turns the analogue signals normally to sets of number. Analogue signals can have varying amplitude and frequency. Amplitude analyzes the loudness of the signal and Frequency determines the pitch of the signal. â€Å"Pitch† mostly used to refer to low and high notes. If the frequency is lowered than you get a low note and if the opposite is applied than you get a high note. Bit is a binary digit which represents value of 0 which is normally off and 1 which is normally on. Bit can also be referred to as a electrical pulse which is generated by the inner clock in the control unit or data register. Bit can also be used for digital electronics which is another system that uses digital signals. Manipulation o f a bit within the memory of a computer can be kept in a steady level on a storage device as a magnetic tape or disc. Byte which is made up of 8 bits is a unit measurement used for information stored on a computer. Synchronous & Asynchronous Communication To sum up synchronous communication it is when interaction with data takes place it is done in real time. On the other hand asynchronous or delayed communication is when any data which is archived or stored and accessed later. It is important to choose the most effective delivery mode because it directly impacts the level of interaction that is going to take place. Synchronous It does not use start or stop bits but instead it synchronizes the transmission speed with receiving and sending end of transmission using the clock signals specifically built for each of the components. After this constant streams of data are transmitted between two sources. Because no start or stop bits are involved data transmission is faster, but more problems occur because if latency takes into effect then the synchronization clock will be out of timing therefore the receiving node will get the wrong timings that have been acknowledged in the protocol sending and receiving data. If this happens then data can be corrupted, missing or even wrong message. There are ways around this which take time. You could use check digits and re-synchronize the clocks so that you can verify that the transmission has been successful and has not been interrupted. Advantages of using synchronous transmission are that lower overhead and more data can be transmitted and data transmission rates are al so faster. The drawbacks of using synchronous transmission is obviously more prone to problems, it is more expensive and more complex. Asynchronous Opposite to synchronous it uses start and stop bits to mark the start and end of a transmission, this means that 8 bit ASCII characters would be transmitted using 10 bits because the use of start and stop bits. For example (1)10111111(0) the bracketed out one and zero at the start and end mark the start and end of a transmission. This tells the receiving either the first character is transmitting or finished transmitting. This method of transmission is normally used when data is sent occasionally as opposed to in solid stream. Benefits of using asynchronous data is that it works out cheaper because timing is not that important and it is also simple because both end do not require synchronization. Drawback are that if a large amount of data is to be transmitted it would take a long time this is because a lot of bits are only for control uses they do not contain any useful information. Bandwidth is used to define how much volume a medium can transmit. Basically it is the maximum rate at which data can be transmitted across mediums. The more bandwidth a wire can handle the higher transmission rates can be achieved. It can also high transmission rates for multiple users. But there are restrictions in place such as if a user has been transmitting a lot of data between a period of time then a temporary limit will be put on. This is quite common with ISP’s. To stop this happening to you best thing to do is not to download a lot at the same time and also close programs which use the bandwidth continuously. Radio Transmission Radio is a way of transmitting signals using varied tones which convey a message of electromagnetic waves with a frequency. Electromagnetic radiation travels in direction of oscillating electromagnetic fields which go through the air and vacuum of space. Changes in radiated waves such as amplitude, frequency or phase allow information to be carried systematically. If the radio waves pass through electrical conductors the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. This could be detected and changed into sound or any other type of signal which is able to carry information. Every radio system has a inbuilt transmitter this is the source which allows electrical energy that produces a alternating current of a desired frequency of oscillation. The inbuilt transmitter also has a system which changes some properties of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This change could be as simple as turning the signal on or off. Change could be more complex such as alternating more subtle properties such as amplitude, frequency, phase or combination of all three properties. The modulated electrical energy is sent via the transmitter to an antenna. Antenna changes the alternating current electromagnetic waves; this allows the waves to transmit in the air. There are drawbacks of using radio. First is attenuation can happen, this basically means the longer the wave has travelling to get to its destination the more weaker it gets. Most obvious example of this would be someone listening to FM radio in the midlands; the further he goes away from the midlands the more signal gets weaker. Microwave An electromagnetic based wave which has a range or wavelength of up to 30 GHz. Currently microwaves are getting more popular due to advancing technologies. Microwave offers high bandwidth at low cost. Most common problem with microwave transmission is reflection. Microwaves are common used for radar which pickup planes and helicopters flying in the air. Microwaves will hit the plane or helicopter and reflect back and gets calculated giving the position of the flying object. Waves are reflected due to a barrier which stops the wave from going further so it hits the barrier and reflects back. Reflection affects the signal if the reflection is not good then the reflection won’t happen therefore a dead or a blank signal will be received. To minimize the effect try staying close the satellite. Wireless protocols such as Bluetooth use microwaves to transmit. Satellite Satellite is a orbiting piece of hardware which has been left floating in the air from big companies like Microsoft, satellite can be used for communication. There are also other types of satellites which are used for spying or used for online maps such as Google maps, Microsoft live maps or another services. Satellites provide high bandwidth solutions. Satellite is categorized as a WAN because it uses high speed & long distance communication technology which allows them to connect to computers. Attenuation also affects satellite connection due to the same reason. If a satellite is not in the required position and starts transmitting signal it will not reach television so they might not work properly or correctly. Satellite dish has to be in the same direction as the satellite. Satellite signals reach television using a transmission antenna which is located at an uplink facility. The facility has an uplink satellite dish which would be around 9-12 meters in diameter. The bigger the diameter of the satellite the more accurate signals and better signal strength from the satellite is received. The satellite dish would be pointed towards the satellite and the uplinked signal is received by the transponder at a certain frequency. This frequency is normally C-band (4-8 GHz) or KU-band (12-18 GHz). The transponder then retransmits the signal back to the earth. NTSC, PAL or SECAM are three broadcast standards used through out the world. NTSC is normally used in the US, Canada, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, South Korea and other countries. PAL which stands for Phase Alternating Line is an colour encoding system which is used by over 120 countries in the world. In a few years time most of the countries will stop using PAL and either change to DVB-T SECAM It is sequential colour with memory is the analogue colour television system. SECAM was Europe’s first colour t elevision standard and France currently uses it. The analogue signals for the three broadcasting types are transmitted via a satellite link scramble or unscramble. The analogue signal is a frequency modulated and transformed for a FM to something called baseband. The baseband fuses the audio and video sub carrier. The audio sub is further demodulated to provide a raw audio signal. Digital TV’s that transmit via satellites are normally based on open standards such as MPEG and DVB-S. MPEG which stands for Moving Pictures Experts Group is a compressed format which code moving pictures and associated audio information. There is also MPEG 2 which is a digital television signal which is broadcasted via terrestrial cable and direct broadcast satellite TV systems. DVB-S which stands for Digital Video Broadcasting is a standard for satellite TV’s which forward error coding and modulation. It is used by every single satellite that serves a continent. Standards Organizations There are difference types of standard organizations. These are the various types of standard organizations TIA/EIA, RS-232, IEEE, ISO, OSI and Manchester Encoding. ISO/OSI – International Standards Organization’s Open System Interconnect (ISO/OSI) is the standard model for networking protocols and distributed applications. ISO/OSI defines seven network layers. 1. Physical 2. Data Link 3. Network 4. Transport 5. Session 6. Presentation 7. Application I will be only be explaining in-depth the first network layer: Physical. This layer defines what cable or physical medium to be used. There are lots of different types of cable thinnet, thicknet, TPC, UTP. All of these mediums are functionally the same. The major difference between the various cables is the cost, convenience, installation and maintenance. Converters from one media to another operate at this level. TIA/EIA – Telecommunications Industry Association & Electronics Industries Alliance (TIA/EIA), state the standards which should be used laying cables in a building or a campus. TIA/EIA describes how a hierarchical topology should be laid out. A system where a main cross connect system is used and connected using a star topology using a backbone cabling through a intermediate or a horizontal cross connect. This type of cabling or similar is also used for laying out telecommunication cables. The backbone cabling method will be used to connect the entrance facilities to the main cross connect. In areas such as office a horizontal cross connect for the consolidation of the horizontal cabling, which extends into a star topology. Maximum stated horizontal cable distance should anywhere between 70M-90M. This applies to TTP (Twisted Pair Cable), but the fibre optic horizontal cabling has a set limit of 90M. IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers allows the development of â€Å"Electro Technology† which in other words applies to electricity applied to technology. Societies like the IEEE Computer Society are subsidiaries of the IEEE itself. This standards organization also publishes journals. Devices such as digital camera need set amount of bandwidth speed so it uses a IEEE plug. Any device that uses the IEEE standard uses a twisted pair cable. Signalling Standards NRZ- It stands for Non Return to Zero. It is a binary code normally used for slow speed synchronous and asynchronous transmission interfaces. Ones is represented as a small voltage and zero is negative voltages. They are transmitted by either by set or constant DC voltages. It also uses additional synchronisation so it dose not lose any bits in the process. NRZ-L – Non Return to Zero Level is similar to NRZ, but it not a binary code. Same as NRZ one is represented as small voltage, but zero is also represented as a small voltage but it is not as big voltage as one, Therefore it allows more data to be send without a lot of signal change. NRZ-M – Non Return to Zero Mark again similar to NRZ, but one is actually represented by a change in physical state and zero is represented as change in physical state. This basically means that there is no voltage when there is no change in physical state. RS-232 – This standard applies to serial data transfer such as the 9 pin serial connecters which are commonly used on a computer motherboard. The data is sent in as time series of bits. Synchronous & Asynchronous is both supported by this standard. This standard and states the number of control circuits that can be or need to be used to connect the DCE & DTE terminal with one another. Data and control circuits which are signalled from a DTE connected to a DCE or vice versa will always flow and operate in one direction this is called half duplex. Only full duplex allows data to be sent and received in both directions at the same time. Manchester Encoding – Data bits which are represented by transitions from a logical state another is called Manchester encoding. This is a digital type encoding. In this encoding the signal is self clocking because the length of every data bit is set by default. Depending on the transition direction the state of the bit can be analyzed. In Manchester encoding the signal synchronizes itself. This is an advantage because this will decrease the error rate and optimize the reliability. But on the other hand it is also a disadvantage because the amount of bits sent in the original signal when transmitted has be twice the amount of bits from the original signal. Differential Manchester – Also known as Conditioned Diphase (CDP). It is a encoding method which uses data and clock signal as fused to create a self-synchronizing data steam. Similar to Manchester encoding it uses present or absent transitions to represent logical value. TTL – Transistor Transistor Logic is a binary code which either uses high voltages between 2.2V and 5V to represent one and no voltages between 0V and 0.8V to represent a zero Name Specification Maximum Length/Speed Advantages Disadvantages Cat.5 Cable RJ45 Connector. Made from Copper, PVC, Plastic Length:100 M Speed:100 Mbit/s Cheapest type of cable, Mostly unshielded & more prone to electrical noise. Cat.6 Cable RJ45 Connector. Made from Copper, PVC, Plastic Length:100 M Speed: 10 Gbit/s Very fast transmission. Unshielded & more expensive than Cat.5 Cat.7 Cable RJ45 Connector. Made from Copper, PVC, Plastic Length:100 M Speed:100 Gbit/s Extremely fast and less interference Incredibly expensive and mostly likely be manufactured till 2013 Bluetooth Mostly Copper for the circuitry, Plastic for casing. Length: 100 M Speed:1 Gbit/s Send from cell phones, do not need wires to connect, Most of the phone are equipped with it Open and other people can access your phone if not protected. Quite slow when sending and receiving on a cell phone. Infrared Receiver, Antenna and Transmitter, Copper & Plastic Length: 40 km Speed: 4 Mbit/s Shorter wave than microwaves, not as harmful. Less interference. Microwaves Antenna & Receiver. Length: 1 M Speed: 300 GHz Good for sending data over longer distances Dangerous, if something that uses microwaves e.g. cell phone for too long. Too much interference Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Signal Transmitter. Length: 95 M Speed: 5 GHz Usable anywhere in the house, can even be used as a hotspot in public places e.g. airports, cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, etc Other people can also access it so many connections can make it slow. Satellite Dish and a satellite in orbit Length: 22,000 Miles Speed: 40 Mbit/s Connection from anywhere in the world. Delay of up to 500 millisecond due to rain or moisture Fibre Optic LED/Laser Connector. Glass, Plastic, PVC. Length: 40,000 Speed: 10 Gbit/s Extremely fast speeds can be achieved without the use of switches, hubs, etc over long distances Simply expensive to buy. Radio Transmitter & Receiver Length: 100 Miles Speed: 300 GHz Available anywhere in the world. Very limited range and gets easily affected by interference. Name Specification Advantages Disadvantages Coaxial Diameter: 6 mm / Resistance: 85.2 km Capacity: 70 km at 1KHz Cheap. 500 meters length. It very reliable Expensive and hard to install Fibre Optic Diameter: 2 microns. Good for transmission over long distance because it is immune to magnetic interference. Electrical interference protected. Stretches up to 3000 meters. No noise is generated Very expensive and over time the sent signal will get weaker because of signal reflecting. UTP/Cat.5 Foiled and uses copper wire. Stretches up to 100 meters. Easy installation and transmission rates reaching up to 1 Gbps. Very open to interferences. STP Foiled and also uses copper wire. Shielded. Length up to 100 meters. Transmission rates between 10-100 Mbps Expensive heavy and big in physical size. Radio Uses antenna to transmit. Signal can be refracted. No wires needed and very long distances capable. Signal gets weaker the more time taken to reach the destination. Security is a problem very open for hackers. LAN This is type of network which covers a small office, home or a school network. A LAN uses either wired Ethernet or wireless RF technology. Using a LAN can be much easier when there is a printer available or sharing a file throughout the network. Updating software is much easier because updating software will automatically update all the other software’s. LAN has much higher transmission rates because it is wired connection rather than wireless. Ethernet and Wi-Fi as most widely used technologies, however many others such as token rings have been used before. This relates to standard IEEE 802.2. This standard allows two connectionless and one connection orientated operational mode: Type 1 which allows frames to be sent to a single destination or multiple destinations on the same network is a connectionless mode. Type 2 is the oriented operational connection mode. In this mode it uses something called sequence numbering which makes sure that when the data is send it gets to the destination in the correct order and not a single frame has been lost. Type 3 which is also a connectionless service, but only support point to point communication. Infrared is related to this service because in computer infrared network it can receive and transmit data either through the side of the device or the rear side of the device. When connections are made using Microsoft Windows Infrared the same method used for LAN connections can be used. Infrared technology has been extended to allow more than two computers to be connected semi permanent networks. The advantage of a LAN is that the same physical communication path can be shared by multiple devices. For example it there is a printer, a computer and the internet connection the LAN will allow connections to the printer and it will also allow connections to the internet. If a software is loaded onto the file server that all the computers on the network can use it. There are quite a few drawbacks of a LAN network. For example security measures need to be taken so that users cannot access unauthorised areas. It is quite hard to setup the network. Skilled technicians are needed to maintain the network. Yet the biggest disadvantage is that if the file server goes down than all the other computers on the network are affected as well. WAN This type of network covers a wider area. It is used over high speed, long distance communications such as computers in two different areas. A WAN can also be shared. For example two occupants in two buildings can share the wireless connection to a third person, or a business or anyone or anything they wish to do so. Data is safe, secure and quick when it is transmitted between two computers. WAN can also be used to connect different types of networks together for example a WAN network connected to a LAN networks. The reason behind this is that it is AppleTalk. It is a cheap LAN architecture which is a standard model built for all Apple Macintosh computers and laser printers. It also supports Apple LocalTalk cabling scheme as well as Ethernet and IBM token ring. AppleTalk can connect to standard computers which do not have AppleTalk. This all relates to FDDI standard which stands for Fibre Distributed Data Interface. It is a backbone of a wide area network. It uses fibre optic cable to transmit data up to supported rate of 100 Mbps. An advantage of a WAN it allows secure and fast transmission between two computers. Data transmission is inexpensive and reliable. Sharing a connection is easy as well because it allows direct connectivity. A WAN also allows sharing of software and resources to other workstations connected on the network. Disadvantage of a WAN network is that the signal strong all the time so anyone trying to hitchhike a connection can use the WAN connection it is not protected. WAN are slow and expensive to set-up. They also need a good firewall to stop intruders using the connection. Networking Mediums Different types of medium are used for different types of topologies. Coaxial Cable It is normally used to connect telecommunication devices which used for broadband connection which use high transmission rates to transfer data. The cable is insulated using a braided shield which is also known as a screen. It protects the cable from electromagnetic interference. It has higher capacity than a standard copper wire. Therefore it allows radio frequencies and television signals to be transmitted. Various types of coaxial cables are available which can be used for thin Ethernet which are used for networking 10Mbps connections lengthening up to 200 meters. There is also thick Ethernet cable is also used for 10Mbps connections but stretching up to 500 meters. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) coaxial cable has been used in the past when building networking using thick or thin Ethernet. Ethernet cables quite expensive but they are still used because they carry more data then a telephone wire and it is less susceptible to interference. Optical Fibre Optical fibre also known as a fibre optic cable uses light to transmit data. Light is made using a laser or LED is sent down a fibre which is thin strand of glass. Fibre optic is about 2 microns in diameter which is 15 times thinner than a single human hair. Optic fibre is not affected by electromagnetic interference. It is cable of higher than data transmission rates, ideal for broadband usage. Fibre optics are manufactured in two different types the single mode and multi mode. The difference between the two is quite obvious single mode uses one beam of light to transmit data to longer distance of around 3 km but the multimode uses multiple beams of light to transmit data but only to shorter distance of 2 km. This allows more data to be sent simultaneously. It is normally used for broadband transmission as mentioned before because it is faster at transmission than any other cable currently available. Fibre optic also has an advantage of long distance transmission because light propa gates through the fibre with little attenuation compared to electric cables. Not many repeaters are needed for long distance. Data travelling using the fibre can reach rates of unto 111 Gbps. Fibre optics also restrict high voltages travelling from end to end of a fibre to another end. It also restricts cross talk and environmental noise between signals transmitting to different cables. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) & STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) UTP and STP both use copper wires which are known to man as one of the oldest types of transmission media methods. STP is insulated with a metallic plastic foil which is all under the plastic sheath. This insulating is expensive to make that’s why it is more expensive than normal cable. Even though STP cable is shielded there is still crosstalk. It cannot be eliminated. Both UTP & STP individual wires are twisted together so it creates there is less crosstalk. Core of each of the type of cable is a very good conductor and easy to work with. Media which can be used with UTP is internet, because it is easy to install, maintain, less expensive and allows higher transmission rates. The media used with STP is also internet, but it is more expensive and difficult to install. The advantage is that there is less interference. It is difficult to install because it has to be grounded at both ends. Improper grounding will result I metallic shielding acting as a antenna and it will pick u p unwanted signals. Due to the cost and difficult to install and maintain it is hardly used in Ethernet networks. It is mainly used in Europe. Crosstalk Crosstalk means that signal that are transmitting in different circuits interfering with each other. Crosstalk happens because unwanted signals interfere with another channel transmitting undesirably. Electrical Noise Noise is when an electrical signal is transmitted across a wire which is not the sent signal by the user, but it is another signal which has been picked up randomly. Twisted pair cables eliminate the interference because they are twisted with each other so they cancel out each other. The thickness and varied insulation of a cable and its capacitance of the wires will cause noise. For example when there is communication on a telephone and either person cannot hear the message clearly this is caused by noise affecting the signal. This is known as crosstalk, as mentioned before crosstalk is when signal is affected by electromagnetic field around a wire. Electric noise cannot be eliminated but can be minimized by taking caution. Keep cables away from electrical equipments and shield the cable weather it is a fibre optic or a STP. Checksum It is a method used for error-checking the received data against a calculated checksum. For example when a data is received by the designated node the checksum error detection method will create a new calculation and check it against the old calculation to check weather the same result it received. This makes sure the data has not been altered in any way when it was transmitting. The checking of the data is called checksum function or checksum algorithm. Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) CRC is another type of error-checking technique used in data communication. A CRC character is generated at the end of the transmission. The produced CRC character’s value depends on the hexadecimal value of ones in the data block. The node receiving the transmission makes a similar calculation and compares it to the source node and it the values are different then it asks for retransmission of the data. Frame It is a collection of bits sent over a medium. It contains physical address and control information. It also contains error-detection methods like CRC. The size and role of the frame is all dependent on the type of protocol, which is often used synonymously with packet. When the data is split and if necessary it is sent to Ethernet frame. The size of the Ethernet frame varies between 64 and 1,518 bytes. It uses the IEEE 802.3. It contains address, length, data and error checking utility. The data is passed onto the lower level components corresponding to OSI’s Physical layer. This converts the frames into bit-stream and sends it over the transmission medium. Other network adapters on the Ethernet receive the frame and analyze it for the destination address. If the destination address match of the network adapter, the adapter software simply processes the incoming frame and the passes the data to higher levels of the protocol stack. Packets It is a unit of data sent across networks. When a computer transmits data it will split or divide it into packets when it reaches the defined node it is transformed into the original transmission. Also known as a datagram it contains two parts. The header which acts as a envelope and the other part is the payload which is contents. Any message sent over the size of 1,500 bytes is fragmented into packet for transmission. When packet filter is put into place the header of incoming and outgoing packet is analyzed and decides whether to let them pass or restrict the packet, this is decided based on network rules. Data Transmission Modes & Methods There are three different ways transmission can take place. Data transmits either using simplex, half duplex or full duplex mode. There are two different ways how data is transmitted. Data can be transmitted via serial or via parallel transmission. Simplex Simplex data can only travel in one direction. Television and radio broadcasting are example of simplex. Fibre optic works with simplex mode. Simplex is good for satellite communications. TV signal is the proof that satellite communication is good because the transmission is good and clear. Simplex is rarely used for computer based telecommunications. Half Duplex Half duplex data can travel both ways but only in one direction. Coaxial cable works in half duplex mode. Radio is a example of half duplex because the signal reaches the destination and comes back to the original source. Communication between networks also works at half duplex. If a node is transmitting a message and another node wants to transmit it has to wait till the token ring comes back. Full Duplex In full duplex data can travel in both directions and at the same time. The bandwidth is divided in both directions. UTP/STP mediums work at full duplex. For example Bluetooth is a full duplex because data can be received and sent by both devices. Another example is landline telephone because both end of the phone can speak and listen to each other. Serial Transmission In serial transmission one bit is sent at a time. It is good for communication between several participants. Serial transmission is slow. When the data is sent it is dissembled by the source and reassembled by the receiver. Parallel Transmission Parallel transmission is when every bit is sent simultaneously but using separate wire. Basically when data is parallel channel transmitted for i.e. 8 bits or a byte everything is sent simultaneously therefore it’s faster than serial because serial channel would send the 8 bits or byte one by one. Most common example is communication between a printer and the computer.

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1349 Words

The legalization of marijuana has been a debate that has been going on for the past decade. Many Americans (about 80 percent surveyed) do believe in the legalization while others disagree. With the correct facts in place, it is easy to prove that the legalization of marijuana is a huge benefit to the American people and those who disagree are disagreeing for the wrong reasons. One reason it should be legalized is marijuana can be used for medical purposes, others say it can help lower the debt in America by taxing marijuana. Many of these arguments favoring marijuana are outlined in this paper. In Issue 17: Should Marijuana Be Legalized defended by Ethan A. Nadelmann, he shows the many benefits of legalizing marijuana. One being, how†¦show more content†¦All of this money can be saved if we were to legalize marijuana. â€Å"In Jon Gettman’s 2007 study â€Å"Lost Taxes and Other Costs of Marijuana Laws† he found that the U.S. marijuana industry is a $113 billio n annual business that costs taxpayers $31.1 billion in lost tax revenues. Gettman, who has a Ph.D. in public policy from George Mason University, suggests that $10.7 billion could be saved each year from the country’s $193 billion in annual criminal justice expenditures if marijuana arrests – 5.54 percent of all criminal apprehensions – were stopped.† (Kurlick, 2015) The government also spends billions of dollars on advertisements and anti-drug ads a year to show the dangers of marijuana use. They say that is addictive and it is also used as a gateway drug, when there is no proof of that. In 1988, Francis Young, a law judge concluded that â€Å"marijuana in its natural form is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known to man.† It can be addictive but only in extreme cases. In fact, marijuana is the least addictive and damaging drug out there, even less addictive than cigarettes and that is legal all throughout America. With lung can cer being a concern with most Americans who smoke or are around second-hand smoke. Unlike cigarettes, lung cancer involving marijuana is very rare. Did you know marijuana smokers smoke only a fraction of what cigarette users’ smoke? Marijuana can even improve lung capacity unlike cigarettes which cause lung cancer and other medical

Self-Reliance Journey through Transcendentalism - 832 Words

Journey through Transcendentalism Transcendentalism is the system of philosophy that leads to reality. Although the philosophy is an opinionated subject, there are still universal judgments about it. William Bryant, Henry Thoreau, and Ralph Emerson illustrate the ideas of transcendentalism through their works using rhetorical devices. Thoreau uses paradox to illustrate his belief of individualism in his memoir Walden. In Bryant’s Thanatopsis he describes death through his uses of pathos. Emerson shows self-reliance while using logos in his work of Self-Reliance. Henry Thoreau illustrates the belief of individualism in his memoir Walden using paradox. Individualism is the social theory that allows the rights or independent action of the†¦show more content†¦Bryant uses phrases such as â€Å"stern agony,† â€Å"breathless darkness,† â€Å"eternal resting place,† and â€Å"silent halls of death† to strike fear in the reader. These various phrases also apply a crucial tone to the poem. Death is a dark and distressing part of life. â€Å"The all-beholding sun shall see no more / in all his course.† (171). In these lines Bryant states that once man is complete with his course of life, he will no longer see light. This known fact raids a sense of fear of death. This next quotation states that people who die and buried will end in the same burial place, which is the ground. â€Å"Thou shalt lie down / with patriarchs of the infant world-with kings, / the powerful of the earth-the wise, the good, / fair f orms, and hoary seers of ages past, / all in one might sepulcher.† As previously stated, Bryant describes all people as equals. He states that everyone has the same burial place. The ground is the place all dead bodies proceed to after death. The visual form of these words arouses a sense of sadness. Throughout the poem Bryant changes the tone to state although death is a dark part of life people should enjoy life until death calls them. â€Å"So live, that when thy summons come to join / the innumerable caravan.† (172). This line supports the point of living life until death calls. Throughout the poem, Bryant uses pathos to elaborate on the elements of death. Ralph Emerson uses logos in hisShow MoreRelatedAmerican Romanticism : The Highest Expression Of Imagination1721 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Romanticism is a journey away from the corruption of civilization and the limits of rational thoughts, and toward the integrity of nature and the freedom of imagination. In other words, it is a journey away from industrialism or rationalism, which is working hard and earning money. This movement, originally started in Europe and later reached in America. It can be best defined as a thought that values feeling and intuition over reason. 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Chris McCandless led a life that was similar to that of transcendentalists, through their shared values and outlooks on life. The first key value of transcendentalism is individualism. Which is the idea of free-thought and self-reliance. It inspires followers to have free thought and live their life based on their own values and not society’s. McCandless exhibits the trait of individualism by creating aRead MoreTranscendentalism Expressed Through Huck Finn1706 Words   |  7 PagesMiles Walton Mrs. Long English/period 3 January 9, 2015 Transcendentalism Expressed through Huck Finn Many times an authors purpose of writing a fictitious story is to not only create a story for the reader to enjoy, but to allow the reader to get something out of the story that they may not have thought about on their own. Often times the inside meaning in a story may involve something about society that the author either likes or dislikes and wants you to think about the problem yourself. InRead MoreTranscendentalism And Ralph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau807 Words   |  4 Pagesnumerous religious rebellions throughout history, but none quite like that of Transcendentalism. This movement embodies the idea that spiritual growth can be achieved through personal journey instead of conflicting with organized religion. By the time of the movement’s onset, newly gained religious freedom in the United States allowed for new ideas and beliefs to prosper freely. At the heart of this movement was Transcendentalism philosophy famous ambassadors, Ralph Waldo Emerson and appren tice Henry DavidRead MoreTranscendentalism Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Skills Paper – Transcendentalism Introduction: The transcendentalism movement first came to be in the mid-19th century as a rebellious reaction to the Age of Reason, illustrated by Thomas Paine, and an overall conformist mindset in their rational way of thinking. Primarily started in New England, Ralph Waldo Emerson was a key component in this new philosophical era of intuitive, spiritual thinking. His unique style of literature (such as Self-Reliance and The American Scholar) as wellRead MoreMccandless And Transcendentalism1710 Words   |  7 PagesMcCandless and Thoreau were self-reliant and anti-materialistic, but their preparedness in relation to this journey were two very clashing approaches. Christopher McCandless followed many of the ideals of Transcendentalism, which in itself was widely accredited to Thoreau. One of the main ideas of transcendentalism is self-reliance, which McCandless demonstrated all throughout his life and journey into the wild. One of his first major acts that testified to his value of self-reliance is his refusal to acceptRead MoreSelf-Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson: Non Conformity in Thought and Action1519 Words   |  7 Pageshistory. A group of people including former Unitarian ministers made American transcendentalism started its transformation of the American intellect. These people wanted to reform the church because they saw it as a social religion which did not awake the individual’s realization of his own spirituality. These transcendentalists tried to urge their ideas of the significance of the self in spiritual life. American transcendentalism reached its peak in New England in the 1840s under the leadership of Ralph